On wake modulation and interaction features of a pair of dual-step circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangements

The proximity interference and the vortex dislocation are fundamental fluid dynamic features that determine a wake pattern of dual-step circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangement. Each cylinder consists two coaxial with different diameters. A complex modulation is expected due to an intrinsic interaction between shedding larger-diameter (LC) smaller-diameter (SC), cross-wake uniform flow. To understand physics modulations, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations flow around pair arrangements performed investigated. Six simulation cases presented combinations diameter ratio (1.33–2.00), gap (1.00–3.17), Reynolds number (60–200) laminar regime, providing key insights into distinct LC-dominated SC-governing characteristics. For modulation, determined by predominant dynamics LC wake. becomes modulated controlled SC through connections tubes shed downstream nonuniform cylinders. Owing dislocation, these new evolutionary modulations result patterns, structures, associated hydrodynamic force for